Overview
The hemoglobin test measures the hemoglobin level in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from organs and tissues to the lungs.
If the hemoglobin test reveals that the hemoglobin level is lower than normal, then this means that you are suffering from low red blood cell count (anemia). There can be many causes of anemia, including vitamin deficiency, bleeding, and chronic diseases.
If the hemoglobin test shows a higher level than normal, there are many possible causes such as a blood disorder known as true redness, high altitude, smoking, and dehydration.
Why is this done
You may have a hemoglobin test for several reasons:
For a public health checkup. Your doctor may have a hemoglobin test as part of a full blood count test during a regular medical check-up to monitor your general health and to have you check for various disorders, such as anemia.
To diagnose a medical condition. Your doctor may suggest a hemoglobin test if you have weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath or dizziness. These signs and symptoms may indicate anemia or red blood cells. Hemoglobin testing may help diagnose these medical conditions or other conditions.
To follow up on a medical condition. If you are not diagnosed with anemia or erythrocytes, your doctor may use a hemoglobin test to monitor your condition and guide your treatment.
How to prepare
If your blood sample will only be tested for hemoglobin, you can eat and drink normally before the test. If your blood sample will be used in other tests, you may need to fast for a certain period of time before the sample is collected. The doctor will give you specific instructions.
What you can expect
For a hemoglobin test, a member of the health care team takes a blood sample by tingling the tip of one of your fingers or inserting a needle into one of the veins in your arm. For infants, the sample may be taken through the heel prick.
The blood sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. You can resume your usual activities immediately after taking the sample.
Results
Normal range of hemoglobin:
For men, from 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter
For women, from 12.0 to 15.5 grams per deciliter
The normal ranges for children vary by age and gender. The normal range of hemoglobin may vary from one medical practice to another.
Less than normal results
Your hemoglobin level below your normal level indicates anemia. There are many forms of anemia, each with different causes, which may include:
Iron deficiency
Vitamin B-12 deficiency
Folate deficiency
Bleeding
Cancers that affect the bone marrow, such as leukemia
Kidney disease
Liver diseases
Hypothyroidism
Thalassemia - a genetic disorder that causes low levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells
If you have ever been diagnosed with anemia, a lower than normal hemoglobin level may indicate that you need to change your treatment plan.
Higher than normal results
If you have a higher hemoglobin level than normal, this may be caused by:
True polycythemia - a blood disorder, in which the bone marrow produces excessive red blood cells
lung diseases
Drought
Live at high altitudes
Smoking heavily
Burns
Hyper vomiting
Excessive physical exertion
If you were previously diagnosed with RE, your high hemoglobin level may indicate a need to adjust your treatment plan.
If your hemoglobin level is lower or higher than normal, your doctor may want to evaluate the results of a hemoglobin test with the results of other tests, or additional tests may be required to determine the next steps.
For details on what your hemoglobin test results mean, talk to your doctor.
Clinical trials
Read Mayo Clinic studies to test new treatments, medical interventions, and exams as a way to prevent, diagnose, treat, or control this disease.
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